Arab Identity The views of Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein Essay Example

Middle Easterner Identity: The perspectives on Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein Paper The primary content being referred to is Milestones by Sayyid Qutb. One of the pioneers of the possibility of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, his affliction for his motivation has improved his remaining in contemporary Islamic evangelist developments. Qutb is an enthusiasm promoter of his convictions about nationality in the Islamic setting. He starts his article determinedly by expressing â€Å"The day Islam gave another idea of qualities and gauges to humankind and demonstrated the best approach to get familiar with these qualities and principles, it likewise furnished it with another idea of human connections. Islam came to return man to his Sustainer and to make is direction the main source from which esteems and measures are to be acquired, as He is the Provider and Originator. All connections should be based through Him, as we appeared through His will and will come back to Him†¦Islam came to set up just a single relationship which ties men together in seeing God, and on the off chance that this relationship is immovably settled, at that point every other relationship dependent on blood or different contemplations become eliminated†. (Qutb, 1981, p.117) We will compose a custom paper test on Arab Identity: The perspectives on Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Arab Identity: The perspectives on Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Arab Identity: The perspectives on Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It is very clear from the above entry that Sayyid Qutb’s sees on national personality are very liberal. Undoubtedly, he is one of the more dynamic scholars in the Arab world, who put shared legacy in front of ongoing partisan divergences. His exposition implies that the ‘cause of God’ is the most noteworthy guideline of yearning for the Arab unwavering and some other objective would be distinctly insufficient. Instead of unique characters inside the Arab world, Qutb puts stock in a dish Arabic Islamic state, where the Shariah law would be a definitive expert for compromise. The world past the Islamic state would be viewed as the Dar-ul-Harb, the never-ending home of antagonistic vibe verging on fighting. In any event, with regards to family connections, Qutb places the Creator in front of mother, father, sibling, spouse and other human relations. He qualifies his perspectives by adding that the solid partiality to the Divine need not induce a Muslim from rewarding his folks with thoughtfulness and thought. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that they (human family members) â€Å"openly announce their union with the adversaries of Islam, at that point all the obedient connections of a Muslim are cut off and he will undoubtedly be benevolent and circumspect to them.† (Qutb, 1981, p.118) Thus Sayyid Qutb offers a nuanced understanding of the sacred writings in spreading out supernaturally commanded codes for the Islamic people group. In the case of Abu Lahab and Abu Jahl, we see two siblings joined by confidence than by blood. Their relationship made another fraternity of Muslims that included the two Arabs and non-Arabs. â€Å"Suhaib from Rome and Bilal from Abyssinia and Selma n from Persia were all siblings. There was no ancestral partisanship among them. The pride of genealogy was finished, the voice of patriotism was quieted, and the Messenger of God tended to them: â€Å"Get free of these partisanships; these are foul things. He isn't one of us who calls toward partisanship, who battles for partisanship and kicks the bucket for partisanship.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Qutb, 1981, p.123) Hence, it is abundantly clear what Sayyid Qutb’s position on patriotism and sectarianism is with regards to Islam in Arabia. The article by Sati al-Husri presents a marginally alternate point of view on contemporary Islamic issues. His article named Muslim Unity and Arab Unity worries about recognizing which of these two ideas of network should outweigh everything else. Different inquiries identifying with the issue are: â€Å"Is Muslim solidarity a sensible expectation fit for acknowledgment? Or then again is it an ideal world dream unequipped for acknowledgment? Furthermore, accepting the main other option, is its acknowledgment simpler or more troublesome than the acknowledgment of Arab unity?†, and so forth (al-Husri, p.148) Sati al-Husri proceeds to respond to these inquiries by taking a recorded and social interpretation of groups inside Islam. He sees that significant religions of the world have not had the option to join peoles communicating in various dialects. This is most plainly obvious from the endeavors made by the Christian Church over its history. This is similarly relevant to the Mu slim world, where â€Å"the political solidarity which existed toward an amazing start couldn't withstand the progressions of situation for any length of time†. (al-Husri, p.150) Even the most impressive Abbasid caliphate couldn't hold together the grounds governed by it for long. Now and again, it couldn't preven the severance of regions into smaler politically reasonable units. Consequently, political solidarity was never completely achieved before, when society was composed in a straightforward manner and religion expected a more prominent significance in all undertakings of life. That makes the assignment of container Arab solidarity in the contemporary socio-political setting considerably progressively implausible. In the expression of al-Husri, â€Å"it won't be conceivable to acknowledge political solidarity in this century, when public activity has gotten confused, political issues have gotten obstinate, and science and innovation have freed themselves from the control of convention and strict beliefs.† (al-Husri, p.151) In this specific circumstance, present day defenders of Islamic political solidarity across Arabia should focus on recorded proof just as geographic requirements. Additionally, the creator wisely cautions, â€Å"whoever restricts Arab solidarity, on the affection of Muslim solidarity, repudiates the least complex necessities o f reason and rationale, and I unhesitatingly express that to negate rationale to this degree can be the outcome just of double dealing or of deception.† Hence, in al-Husri’s see, trying for Islamic Brotherhood (a notional build) is a more achievable and practicable objective than Islamic solidarity across Arab and past. In The Future of Culture in Egypt, creator Taha Hussein investigates the specific instance of Egypt. Hussein’s approach is marginally not quite the same as the other two creators, in that, he considers culture to be a ground-breaking trademark that binds together a gathering. To this degree he sees it to be as significant as religion (if not covering with it). In attempting to figure where Egyptian culture begins to veer off from the differentiating Western culture, Hussein notes â€Å"the quintessence and wellspring of Islam are the embodiment and wellspring of Christianity. The association of Islam with Greek way of thinking is indistinguishable from that of Christianity. Whence, at that point, comes the distinction ni the impact of these two religions on the formation of the psyche that humanity acquired from the people groups of the Near East and Greece?† (Hussein, p.8) such a profound request has suggestions for the subject of nationality in Arab geopolitics. The e xamination offered by Tara Hussein likewise carries a proportion of parity to the investigation of religion in Arabic nations, as he breaks down its establishing and capacity as a need inside the verifiable domain. Taking everything into account, the three creators whose writings were examined for this activity †Sayyid Qutb, Sati al-Husri and Taha Hussein, all offer intriguing viewpoints on the job and importance of nationality, religion and culture in the contemporary Arab scene. They all embrace intelligent translation of the current issues confronting the area and offer liberal goals. These arrangements have at their center a way of thinking of resistance, participation and empathy toward the bigger Islamic Brotherhood, which rises above the bounds of Arabia and incorporates the worldwide Muslim Diaspora. Works Cited: Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, Unity Publishing Co, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1981 Sati al-Husri, Muslim Unity and Arab Unity, Arab Nationality: An Anthology, p. 147-153. Taha Husein, deciphered by Sidney Glazer, The Future of Culture in Egypt, p.1-9.

Five basic components of human societies Essay

There are five fundamental parts of the human social orders: populace, culture, material items, social association, and social organizations. These segments may either hinder or advance social change. The size of populace will extraordinarily influence the social change. In the event that the populace is huge, odds are social changes will be advanced. More individuals will generally bring about more thoughts, pushing for changes on the grounds that a bigger populace will produce more issues and it has a more noteworthy requirement for arrangements. An enormous populace will likewise have more standards and laws and assents. Culture incorporates values, convictions, standards, information, language, and images. Culture can both dissuade and advance social changes. A society’s conviction and qualities can be fundamental for innovation to develop and create. A few social orders will in general be progressively preservationist and might want for things to keep on being the equivalent, which will probably dissuade that society from social changes. In any case, as a general public increased more information, there will be individuals who will need to push for change due to that picked up information. New data and revelations will bring about new developments. Material items comprise of a constrained sum. Material items will be almost certain advance changes since individuals will attempt to discover different options for those current items. Social association is a system of connection between its individuals. There are individuals who hold social positions and political jobs that may dissuade or advance changes. Reformers who hold office positions will convince more changes in the public arena while progressive will need things to continue as before. Social organizations comprise of the instruction framework, family, economy, government, and religion. A society’s training framework impacts the general public. On the off chance that that instruction framework is advancing changes, individuals in that society will grow up having that reasoning, the other way around. A person’s childhood will likewise impact a person’s push for change or prevention of progress. The economy’s status holds extraordinary significance for change or not. On the off chance that an economy isn't doing so well, changes will probably happen. The legislature might be pushing for change if a reformist holds political position however in the event that a moderate will need things to be the equivalent. Religion connects to aâ person’s conviction and qualities. Contingent upon the religion, an individual will be bound to have virtues and strict convictions that will either need change or discourage from change.

Manager Interview Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Director Interview Activity - Essay Example - Rewarding undertakings are communicating with visitors that come in and meeting intriguing individuals from everywhere throughout the world. Most testing is proceeding to ensure the inn keeps on submitting to the corporate establishment rules and guidelines. Individuals from corporate office will once in a while fly in for a night’s remain just to guarantee everything is running easily and it tends to pummel your nerves. Greater adaptability and time with family yet most be accessible in crisis. - An open entryway strategy with her representatives. Everybody must know their errands however then she needs to at times delegate others to do different occupations also on the off chance that somebody phones in wiped out. She additionally said it’s significant for everybody to know each other’s jobs and to let them convey in the event that they have plan clashes. Must be benevolent and obliging to visitors and should likewise emphasize to somebody if an error is made or a difficult needs comprehended. Holding quarterly workforce gatherings and once in a while gatherings that are pressing just to recognize an issue and talk about the arrangement of how it will function. Everybody from the servants to the support individuals and work area representatives realize how to do each other’s occupations in the event that somebody needs to fill in. - Getting connected to workers since it is a little branch and doing whatever it takes not to drive them sufficiently mad to stop. Ending any office tattle is additionally hard. Booking can be troublesome. Not every person is set but rather she stays adaptable. - Be solid, amicable and deferential. Continuously seek managers above you for help. Ensure you know the jobs of others and are set up to be spurred and furthermore need to assume liability for the entire branch. Any mix-up made by a representative under her watch considers her. At the point when they mess up she gets called upon by individuals higher up. I was shocked to discover the director was really not officially instructed and simply had a secondary school recognition. At the point when I talked about

How to Avoid Common Errors in Writing Essays for College

How to Avoid Common Errors in Writing Essays for CollegeWhen you are writing essays for college, you should be very careful about the samples of an essay for college that you will use. An essay is supposed to be a reflection of you as a person; therefore, it should be an authentic representation of your thoughts and opinions.You should make a sample of an essay for college, so that you will not forget it. You can get it by using the internet. It can be in the form of an e-book or it can be in the form of a CD.While reading and using the samples of an essay for college, you will notice some common mistakes. These mistakes should be avoided as much as possible. Here are some of the mistakes that you will want to avoid:Make sure that the grammar and punctuation are perfect. The samples of an essay for college should give you an idea of what you should write. Make sure that it is grammatically correct so that it would appear to be original and it is not plagiarized.Write about what you k now and what you don't know. This will make it easier for you to read what other people write when you read the samples of an essay for college.Make sure that you keep a track of one example of an essay for college. If you lose this, you will never remember what is written in it. To avoid this, you should make a duplicate of the essay for college and keep it with your other essays.Writing an essay is not easy. It is easy if you do it right but it will be difficult if you do it wrong. You need to learn how to avoid these mistakes so that you will not run into the same problems with future essays.

Analysis Of Wuthering Heights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2485 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Wuthering Heights Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The 1939 film adaptation of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is a faithful adaptation with a few scenes from the book cut to make the film more wild and passionate than the book described. William Wyler was the director of the film with Laurence Olivier as Heathcliff and Merle Oberon as Catherine. A few details the producer from the film adaptation such as Heathcliffs son, Catherines daughter, and Heathcliffs wife remaining loyal to him by staying instead of leaving. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Wuthering Heights" essay for you Create order At the end of the film, the director added the scene with Heathcliff and Catherines ghosts walking away to live their lives together in the afterworld. One columnist disagreed with this stating that Emily Bronte wouldnt have liked that because Catherines ghost is there to make sure her daughter receives her inheritance. Nelly is the housekeeper of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange but in the movie her name is Ellen. Samuel Goldwyn also changed the time period of the movie from the late 18th and early 19th century to the mid-19th century because the clothes were more good-looking. The director and producer shortened the story to represent the wild love that Heathcliff and Catherine felt for one another. Standing on the cliff, you and me forever (Catherine to Heathcliff). Wuthering Heights is the story of Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw and their wild love for one another. Heathcliff is the orphan that Catherines father brought home to live with his family. Catherine took a liking to him but her brother Hindley hated him at first sight. The characters of Heathcliff and Catherine represents how relationships can be stunted by class, environment, and miscommunication. One example of how relationships of a romantic nature are stunted is by class. In both the movie and book, Mr. Earnshaw found Heathcliff on the streets and brought him home to live with his children. In the book, Mrs. Earnshaw asked, how he could fashion to bring that gypsy brat into the house (Bronte 32). Even Nelly called him it and placed him on the landing of the stairs and hoped he would be gone by morning. In the movie, Mr. Earnshaw brings Heathcliff home and Catherine is hesitant to welcome him but there is no sign of a Mrs. Earnshaw. In both the movie and book, Catherine and Heathcliff become best friends while Hindley (Catherines brother) is jealous of Heathcliff and doesnt like him. Back then, Gypsies had a reputation for fortune telling, stealing, and prostitution and many people believed they were, in league with the Devil (History). Because of Heathcliff being of Gypsy descent, Hindley has no problem with reminding Heathcliff of this by calling him, dog beggarly interlo per and imp of Satan (Bronte 34-35). The Earnshaw family is of high class in the small community they live in with, pure aristocratic blood (Magnificat). As the children grow older a couple of things happen to change the course of events in the book: Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw passes away, Hindley is the new owner of Wuthering Heights along with his wife and he makes Heathcliff become a servant. In the movie, Mr. Earnshaw passes away, Hindley is the new owner and Heathcliff becomes a servant. Because of the different classes, these young lovers are in, society already disapproves of their friendship. Imagine how it would be if they wed? In both movie and book, Catherine and Heathcliff go to their neighbors house, the Lintons. They are both caught but Catherine is injured by their dogs so she stays with them for some time. In the book, Catherine comes back home and laughs at his dirty face then the next day Heathcliff washes up for her and argues with Edgar Linton and gets in trouble with Hindley (Bronte 48 52). In the movie, Catherine had told Heathcliff to run away and become rich to come back for her. When she comes home she is furious to find that he hadnt left and calls him a servant and a stable boy with dirty hands (Catherine to Heathcliff). Edgar then comes into the house and Heathcliff walks out, not showing how Catherines words hurt him. Edgar and Catherine then argue about Heathcliff in which Catherine yells that she hates feeling Edgars soft hands. Both scenes from the story and book show how Catherine wants to fit in with people in her class but at the same time, she loves Heathcliff and wants to be with him. Heathcliff knows hes lower class and he knows that he isnt going to ever get to be with her but he forgives her harsh words and wants to be near her even if it is to argue with her. Cathy, youre still my queen (Heathcliff to Cathy). Another example of how relationships can be stunted is by the environment people live in. At first, everything seemed good in the movie and book, Heathcliff being adopted, he and Catherine become friends with the fighting between Heathcliff and Hindley. Then tragedy struck and Hindley became the master of Wuthering Heights and it all goes downhill from there. In the book, Hindley makes Heathcliff become a servant and work in the fields. Between Hindleys temper and his wife passing which makes him more bitter, Wuthering Heights stops receiving visitors. People do not want to be around Hindley with his drunken and bitter reputation and Heathcliff because of his gypsy looks. In the movie, it fast forwards from Mr. Earnshaws death to Hindley and Catherine at the table with the former eating breakfast. The scene shows him punishing Catherine by not letting her eat while Heathcliff is cleaning the fireplace. Hindley isnt in the movie often but when he is he drinks and says mean things to H eathcliff. Because of the environment where they live, Heathcliff and Catherine have to sneak away to the moors to be able to freely talk to each other and bask in their love. This isnt enough for Catherine though because she does decide to marry Edgar Linton to advance in society. In both the book and movie, Catherine and Nelly/Ellen, the Earnshaws servant, have an intimate discussion about Catherines feelings towards Heathcliff and Edgar. Catherine says that she wants to marry Edgar because he will be rich one day and that he is young and handsome. She then goes on to say that it would disgrace her to marry Heathcliff but cant deny that their souls are the same (Bronte 72). Catherine sees the destruction Hindley does to himself and others and she wants to escape that. At Edgars house, it isnt gloomy and people there are respectful and she feels at peace there. No matter how peaceful she is at Edgars house, a small part of her will always want to go back home to be with Heathcliff. She even tells Nelly that no matter what nothing will separate them. Catherine is desperate to escape her horrible home life that she would rather take Edgars peaceful environment than running away with her true love and living on the streets. where the rubber really meets the road in shaping future relationships is the way the parent treats the child and relates with the child. Thats the laboratory in which the child learns how to relate lovingly with other people (Work). In the book, Catherine is a spoiled child and she does throw a fit when she doesnt get her way. This is no excuse for the way her brother treats her and Heathcliff and it is sad that a person like her has to run to another mans arms whom she doesnt love to find peace. As she grows up and marries she does become a sensible woman and stops being selfish until Heathcliff comes back. My last example of how Heathcliff and Catherine are kept apart is by their miscommunication and pride. Catherine continuously tries to find bad things about Heathcliff to prove her choosing Edgar over him. She says that Heathcliff has a bad temper and he is very prideful. Edgar is respectable, a pushover, and doesnt have a bad temper. The love that Heathcliff and Catherine have for one another is full of passion and fire that consumes them both. Even Catherine tells her and Heathcliff have the same souls but that Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire (Bronte 72). Your soulmate makes you feel entirely whole, healed and intact, like no piece is missing from the puzzle (Harra). One example of how Catherines pride has hurt her and Heathcliff is by her avoiding doing something that we know would be beneficial for us solely because it came from someone else (7 Ways). Heathcliff suggests to her throughout the movie to run away with him, that everything wou ld be better for them. She refuses to go with him saying that she doesnt want to starve for food or live in streets. Catherine is too prideful to run away with Heathcliff because she would rather marry someone and use their influence to help Heathcliff instead of running away and being with him. Even when Heathcliff comes back rich, Catherine still refuses to be with him even though he did what she wanted to. In both the movie and the book, Heathcliff overhears the private conversation that Nelly and Catherine have about Edgar and Heathcliff. He hears almost everything they say but leaves before he hears her say that nothing would keep them apart and her true plan for Edgar. Her plan is to use Edgars status to raise Heathcliff up so that they can eventually be together without her reputation being degraded. Heathcliff runs away and in the film and movie Catherine runs after him in the rain and tries to search for him. She makes herself sick and eventually marries Edgar. After Heathc liff comes back, Catherine and Edgar find out that he is rich. In the movie, he says to Catherine that he was kidnapped as a child and that he is of high-class blood, a reference to their childhood games. It is clear that he is back to marry her but instead of choosing him she chooses to stay with Edgar even though she loves Heathcliff. When they argue she says hurtful things to Heathcliff about how shes at peace with Edgar and Heathcliff likes to stir things up. While Heathcliff just tells her that she is treating him badly. In the movie, it isnt until her deathbed that they are able to put aside their pride and finally confess to one another what we all knew: how much they love one another. What right to throw love away for the poor fancy thing you felt for him, for a handful of worthiness. Misery and death and all the evils that God and man could have ever done would never have parted us. Youd be better alone. You wandered off like a wanton, greedy child to break your heart and m ine (Heathcliff to Catherine). The events leading up to Catherines death and her death itself causes a cause-and-effect thought process with Heathcliff because he turns into a bitter man and in the book he throws a knife at his wife and she eventually leaves him (Przybylowicz). Heathcliff, can you see the Crag over there where our castle is (Catherine to Heathcliff). Heathcliff and Catherine represent how relationships are stunted by class, environment, and miscommunication. Back in the 1800s-1900s, the time setting of book and movie, it was almost impossible to marry someone of lower class without dealing with repercussions. In both the movie and book it was so easy for both of these lovers to slip out to the moors to laugh and fall in love with one another. In the moors, they were free from the heart ache at Wuthering Heights. They didnt have to worry about social classes or receiving punishments for talking to each other. Unlike at Wuthering Heights where Heathcliff received harsh punishments and Catherine needing to escape from the manor she needed to call her home. Because of her conflicting feelings about her home and her needing to feel at peace she eventually pushes Heathcliff away when she says that it would be disgraceful for her to marry him. Tha t was the last straw for Heathcliff. You see, every time she pushed him away, argued with him and called him awful names he still forgave her. He still defended her and stuck by her side because of his love and adoration of her. If you ever looked at me once with what I know is in you, I would be your slave. Cathy, if your heart were only stronger than your dull fear of God and the world, I would live silently contented in your shadow (Heathcliff to Catherine). It isnt until Catherine is dying that the two of them are able to share their feelings with one another. If only they were able to marry and live under societys thumb. In the movie, Catherine does beg Heathcliff many times to run away, get rich and come back for her. Heathcliff says that he wants her to join him and she scoffs and says she doesnt want to live like a commoner, having to steal food just to survive. He does eventually come back with riches but by then shes already married to Edgar. A man who gave her peace outside of her disparaging home, a man she settled for. A life partner, on the other hand, can be a great supporter and long-time companion but is limited in his or her capacity to enrich your spirit (Harra). Edgar doesnt have the fire and passion that Catherine needs. Catherine needs someone who wont let her walk over them or will make biting remarks back to her. She doesnt need someone who isnt as full of passion as she is. In the book, Heathcliff has visions of Cathy and then is found dead of sickness in Catherines old room. In the movie, Heathcliff runs out in the middle of a snowstorm after Catherine and the family doctor says that he saw Heathcliff walking with a woman. When he walked near them, he saw Heathcliff by himself and found out he died. The last scene in the movie is the ghosts of Heathcliff and Catherine walking away with joined hands. Theyve only just begun to live (Ellen to Dr. Kenneth). Sources 7 Ways Pride Is Hurting Our Relationships. Bolde, 5 Jan. 2017, www.bolde.com/7-ways-your-pride-is-hurting-your-relationships/. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Sterling Publishing Co., 2012. Harra, Carmen. The 10 Elements of a Soulmate. HuffPost, HuffPost, 17 July 2013, www.huffpost.com/entry/elements-of-a-soulmate_b_3595992. History of the Gypsies. Owlcation, Owlcation, owlcation.com/humanities/The-Gypsies. Magnificat. Literature Uncovered, commons.marymount.edu/magnificat/mores-on-the-moors-social-class-and-power-in-wuthering-heights/. Przybylowicz, Samantha. (Dys)Function in the Moors: Everyones a Villain in Wuthering Heights. ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410context=ijcs. Work Family: Parents Influence Childrens Romantic Relationships. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, www.post-gazette.com/life/lifestyle/2006/07/13/Work-Family-Parents-influence-children-s-romantic-relationships/stories/200607130504.

Dualism and Artificial Intelligence - 1235 Words

Mind-body dualism is usually seen as the central issue in philosophy of the mind. The problem with mind-body dualism is that it is unknown whether the mind really is a separate entity from the human body as Descartes states in his argument, or whether the mind is the brain itself. Descartes believed that in a person existed two major components, the physical body and the nonphysical body which was called the mind or soul. As a scientist, Descartes believed in mechanical theories of matter, however, he was also very religious and did not believe people could merely be mechanical creatures that ran like â€Å"clockwork.† And so, it was Descartes who argued that the mind directed thoughts. To account for this, he split the world into two parts,†¦show more content†¦Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought. There were those who did not agree with Turing’s belief that computers would one day pass the Turing Test or that artificial intelligence could be created. A philosopher by the name of Lady Lovlace challenged Turing’s theory. She argued that machines could never learn and adapt and so nothing creative could ever come from a machine. She claimed that machinesShow MoreRelatedEssay Star Trek: the Next Generation â€Å"the Measure of a Man†614 Words   |  3 Pagesthe mind or body problem that was exhibited by Piccard in the synopsis from Star Trek: The Next Generation was the Dualism view. Picard stated that, â€Å"Data has rights among them the right to refuse to undergo an experimental procedure such as this.† Here, Picard ascribes both physical and mental attributes to the robot (Data). This view correlates to Hasker (1983) statement that, â€Å"Dualism begins by taking quite seriously the fact that human beings have both physical properties and mental p roperties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Read MoreDefinition : Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence )1099 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition (intelligence, Artificial Intelligence) American psychologist Lewis M. Terman and Edward L. Thorndike differed over the definition of intelligence, Terman stressing the ability to think abstractly and Thorndike emphasizing learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. More recently, however, psychologists have generally agreed that adaptation to the environment is the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Effective adaptation draws upon a numberRead MoreFree Will. In This Paper I Will Do An Introduction To And1765 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovered the development of my thinking on free will as I have considered the arguments concerning dualism, artificial intelligence, determinism and existentialism. That this means is that I has went through and surveyed the growth of my reasoning on the concept of free will and how it all pans out. I have also contemplated on the disagreements on the subject of dualism, artificial intelligence, determinism and existentialism. Everyone has and nee ds to have free will to function. Without it theRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Is The Dominant Theory1792 Words   |  8 Pages Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. Artificial intelligence also studies how people create computers that are capable or preforming an intelligent behavior, like a human (Business Dictionary). To back up artificial intelligence, there is functionalism. Hilary Putman developed functionalism in the 1970’s, which is still the dominant theory in todays’ society. Functionalism states that having a mind does not require a brain and mental states can be realizedRead MorePhilosophy Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computation al modeling, respectively. Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whetherRead MoreArtificial Intelligence : The Nature Of Consciousness2228 Words   |  9 PagesFor years, Artificial Intelligence has posed the question, what it means to be human, and more specifically the nature of consciousness. When confronted with the issue of the relationship between the mind and the body, the most likely argument is that both exist independently of each other but have a two-way relationship. However, recent advancements in machine learning, the technical algorithms that make up artificial intelligence, have suggested that this is not true. It is important to exploreRead MoreA Relationship Between Physical Properties And Mental Properties1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts emerged: Monism and Dualism. People who subscribe to monism believe physical properties, such as c olor and location, as well as mental properties, such as emotions and beliefs, are all one entity. Materialisms, the most popular form of monism, claims that everything mental is also physical. On the other end of the spectrum, Dualists believe that physical and mental properties are two separate entities. This paper will address the merits of interactionist substance dualism (interactionism) and epiphenomenalistRead More How The Brain Works Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthat sweep through the entire brain (Blakeslee, 1995a). These findings are a serious implication to Dualism because it states the mind is not physical. If the mind is not physical, it cannot affect the physical body, so the Dualist theory of two-sided interactions between the body and mind are false. The aforementioned argument is supported by many other scientific facts and objections against Dualism. For example, phantom pain is a well-known phenomenon in medicine. When people lose a limb, theyRead MoreArguments Against Physical Machines Jenna Beran1280 Words   |  6 PagesArguments Against Physical Machines Jenna Beran In A Contemporary Defense of Dualism, J. P. Moreland challenges the problem of mind and body. He uses the terms intentionality and subjectivity to argue that humans are not physical machines. Subjectivity is the opinions and feelings from experience that is unique to the individual. Intentionality describes how thought can be directed on a particular object. This is consciousness. These terms are what make human beings distinct from physical machinesRead MoreCan a Computer Have a Mind?1158 Words   |  5 Pageshave a mind? This question has been debated for decades by philosophers, mathematicians, physicists etc. Alan Turing, a mathematician, he first addressed the issue of artificial intelligence in his 1950 paper, Computing machinery and intelligence, and proposed an experiment known as the â€Å"Turing Test†Ã¢â‚¬â€an effort to create an intelligence design standard for the tech industry. He also said, â€Å"if we cannot distinguish between the answers a computer gives t o questions and the answers a human gives, then

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. A Master of Peaceful Protests free essay sample

Still, he held to his nonviolent beliefs when an armed, angry mob of blacks crowded his home demanding Justice. He said, l want you to go home and put down your weapons. We cannot resolve this problem through retaliatory violence. We must meet violence with nonviolence We must meet hate with love (Adelman Johnson 2007). King had his critics ranging from racist whites who wanted to uphold Jim Crow laws to what King called moderate whites who wanted all change to come through egislation. He even saw criticism from other Civil Rights leaders such as Malcom X not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks, and We should be peaceful, law-abiding†but the time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and wherever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked (X 1964). King was Jailed for his actions in Civil Rights demonstrations in Birmingham and was the subject of an open letter from eight well-known, white, liberal clergymen in January of 1963. One excerpt from the letter stated, We expressed understanding hat honest convictions in racial matters could be properly pursued in the courts, but urged that decisions of those courts should in the meantime be peacefully obeyed. The letter continued, However, we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders. We recognize the natural impatience of people who feel that their hopes are slow in being realized. But we are convinced that these demonstrations are unwise and untimely. The letter ends with, We appeal to both our white and Negro citizenry to observe the principles f law and order and common sense (Priests for life 2012). Kings response to this letter is his Letter from a Birmingham Jail. King uses all three rhetorical devices in his letter. His first line, My dear fellow Clergymen, (King 1963) was an example of Ethos and meant to create both credibility and a common bond. He explains that even though he doesnt usually answer criticism, he would this time because l feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth (King 1963). He compares himself to the Apostle Paul and later in the letter refers to the Clergymen as my Christian and Jewish brothers (King 1963). All of these statements were meant to increase his credibility and form a deeper connection with his critics. When accused of being an extremist, he responds by saying that many admirable men in history were also extremists such as Jesus, Amos, the Apostle Paul, Martin Luther, John Bunyan, Abraham Lincoln, and Thomas Jefferson (King 1963). This also seemed to me, a way to show that he is their equal in education as well. In Kings final sentence, he says that he hopes the letter finds you in strong faith and that he s writing as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother (King 1963). It was effective for King to try to appeal to the clergymen as an equal, especially since he is promoting equality. King used Pathos to appeal to emotions when writing, Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere (King 1963). He talks about being victims of a broken promise and goes on to lay out many injustices faced by black people ranging from lynch mobs, seeing your brothers in poverty, trying to explain to your daughter why she cannot go to Funtown, being called nigger and boy, and being plagued with nner fears and outer resentments (King 1963). These are all reprehensible acts and he is trying to drive up the level of sympathy for his brothers in America. King uses Pathos to explain that his nonviolent resistance is the best stance because, If this philosophy had not emerged, by now many streets of the South would, I am convinced be flowing with blood, and millions of Negroes will, out of frustration and despair, seek solace in black-nationalist ideologies a development that would inevitably lead to a frightening racial nightmare (King 1963). That last statement is Xs more extreme viewpoint. King points out that there is a more excellent way of love and nonviolent protest. It was important that King pointed out love to the clergymen to remind them of Christs command to love thy neighbor. In his final statement, he says Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear- drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty (King 1 963). I think this appeals to the vision of America that these white oderates hope to see in America, even if by different means than King. Lastly, King used Logos to appeal to the logic in these clergyman. He explains that even though he is an outsider, he needed to be in Birmingham. So l, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here. (King 1963) He agrees that, It is unfortunate that demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham, but it is even more unfortunate that the citys white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative (King 1963), spinning the argument around. He enlightens his critics of the true purpose of these demonstrations, Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored (King 1963). These clergymen are asking him to wait for a better time, to which he responds, We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights (King 1963). To answer why he is breaking laws, he quotes from St. Thomas Aquinas, l would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at ll (King 1963). He alludes to Biblical references to Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and historical events such as Adolf Hitler and the Boston Tea Party to further his explanation on unjust laws. I believe that King thoroughly explained the necessity of nonviolent demonstrations and answered the criticisms from his fellow clergymen very effectively through the use of ethos, logos, and pathos.